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Investigation of illicit pregabalin in seized samples from Saudi Arabia
Patient demographics, diagnoses (by READ codes) and pregabalin dosing data were collected. The buy pregabalin authors at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) are grateful to the General Directorate of Narcotics Control (GDNC) in Saudi Arabia for supporting this research and providing seized samples of PGL. F. MA would like to thank King Khalid University for allowing her to study for a PhD degree as well as the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) for providing the opportunity to carry out this work at the Drug Laboratory, SFDA. This approach not only improved separation efficiency but also met forensic requirements for rapid analysis and aligned with green chemistry principles by reducing solvent consumption while maintaining compliance with pharmacopeial standards.
2 Analysis of powder samples
- The capsules varied in shape, colour, and form, while the powders were likely intended for clandestine capsule production (Figure 2).
- In addition, thermal degradation results in the loss of a water molecule and oxidation in the presence of oxidizing substances like hydrogen peroxide and oxygen to form N-(3-carbamoylpropyl) isobutyric acid.
- There is concern that the increase in use of pregabalin is in response to decreasing trends in opioid prescribing4.
- Patient demographics, diagnoses (by READ codes) and pregabalin dosing data were collected.
It is well-known that pharmaceutical analysis relies heavily on liquid chromatography (LC). Unfortunately, direct LC analysis of PGL faces some challenges, including a lack of chromophores, interference with excipients that absorb at similar wavelengths, and instability due to oxidative degradation (Mutalabisin et al., 2021; Kritikos et al., 2022). As a result, identification and quantification of PGL are considered a hurdle during initial routine procedures for laboratory screening.
These analytical challenges necessitate the development of more efficient assay methods, particularly for confirmation analysis of PGL when it is suspected to contribute to adverse clinical presentations or toxicities (Mutalabisin et al., 2021). In this context, a limited number of analytical methods were developed for PGL quantification in various sample matrices for clinical and forensic applications. LC with mass spectrometric detections (MS), including tandem MS and TOF-MS methods, are dominant in the literature. Environmental analysis of urban sewage samples for determination of PGL was also reported using LC-MS/MS (Gurke et al., 2015).
This was achieved through optimized parameters, including lowering the flow rate (from 1.0 to 0.5 mL/min) and decreasing the injection volume (from 20 to 3 μL), while doubling sample throughput from 2 to 4 samples per hour compared to HPLC. Bold values indicate the seized capsule samples that did not satisfy the acceptable quality standard. The forensic samples examined in the current study were seized by the General Directorate of Narcotics Control (GDNC), Saudi Arabia. The seized samples consisted of 35 capsules and 5 powder forms suspected to contain PGL. The capsules varied in shape, colour, and form, while the powders were likely intended for clandestine capsule production (Figure 2).